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英译汉中的名词( 1 )——★产生新义的名词★
一个词不是我们熟悉的那个意思,这是出题人故意给我们设置的陷阱,名词里最容易有这样的陷阱。除了平时把基础打扎实之外,我们还可以用下面的办法躲避这些陷阱: A 运用逻辑分析。 例: In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is measured or predicted cannot be well defined. (1995 年英译汉真题 ) 分析:“ quality ”一般被认为是“质量”的意思,但在句中它用了复数(“质量”是抽象概念,没有复数形式),使用复数形式说明它是可数概念“特征,特性”或“品德,品质”。此外,从于谓语动词 define ( 给……下定义 ) 的搭配情况看,“定义质量”显然不如“定义特征”符合逻辑,种种迹象表明 quality 在此不能翻译成“质量”。
一些关于“ quality ”的例子:
One quality of pinewood is that it can be sawn easily. 松木的一个特点是容易锯开。
He has many good qualities—generosity, diligence, modesty, simplicity. 他有许多优秀品质:慷慨,勤奋,谦虚,朴实。
B 紧扣文章主题。 例: There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historicalworkin general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historicalinquiry. (1999 年英译汉真题 ) 分析: historical work 不能翻译成“历史工作”,由于 1999 年英译汉文章讲的是“历史学研究”,句中 work 应该翻译成“研究”或“研究工作”。大纲对 inquiry 的解释是“询问、打听、调查”,如果把 historical work 翻译成“历史询问”或“历史调查”,一定觉得晦涩难懂,从原文角度看,作者肯定不会有表达错误。根据英语和中文抽象对具体、变化对重复的特点,我们应该明白 inquiry 在此是“研究、探索”的意思。
例: The True is the goal of all scientific and philosophical inquiry. 真理是一切科学和一切哲学探索的终极目的。
C 注意语言环境。 例: They were by far , the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected:a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion lightyears from earth. But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion yeays ago. (1998 年英译汉真题 ) 分析: pattern 在此不能译成“模式、图案”。因 [1] [2] 下一页 |